בניסן בתשרי שנה מעוברת ברכת האילנות נברא העולם נברא העולם רבי יהושע רבי אליעזר. The מחלוקת of whether... ראש השנה דף יא.

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1 B C Mor The significance How many trumpet blasts were blown each day in the Temple? Some of the key terms and concepts we will learn about include: - A person should never לעולם אל יטיח אדם דברים כלפי מעלה complain towards Heaven - A woman accused of adultery was made to drink water in סוטה which had been placed a piece of parchment with Hashem s name written upon it. The name would dissolve in the water B C בס"ד A Intro A מסכת ראש השנה of דף יא learn בע"ה Today we will Some of the topics we will learn about today include: A discussion regarding the מחלוקת of whether the world was created in Tishrei or in Nissan, as well as Medrashim which relate to many other noteworthy and historic events that took place for Klal Yisrael in these special months. The מחלוקת of whether... רבי אליעזר בתשרי נברא העולם רבי יהושע בניסן נברא העולם B Some of the key topics and concepts that we will learn about include: B ברכת האילנות The Gemara teaches that if one sees a tree with blossoming fruit in the month of Nissan, he should recite a special Bracha as described in our Gemara here, and in Mesechte Brachos. ברכת האילנות שנה מעוברת The Torah states שמור את חודש האביב ועשית פסח לה אלקיך - from where we learn that we should see to it that the Yom Tov Pesach should always fall out in the spring. This is accomplished by adding a second month of Adar - according to our set calendar, 7 times out of every 19 years - in order to synchronize the Lunar calendar with the Solar calendar, which runs for approximately 11 days longer each year than its counterpart, the Lunar calendar. שנה מעוברת Rosh Hashana 11-1

2 1 So let s review.. The Gemara begins by citing a Machlokes between Rebbe Eliezer and Rebbe Yehoshua regarding when the world was created: 1 תניא רבי אליעזר אומר בתשרי נברא העולם Hashem created the world in the month of Tishrei. Similarly, continues Rebbe Eliezer, many other major events happened in Tishrei as well. בתשרי נולדו אבות The Avos, Avraham Avinu and Yaakov Avinu, were both born in Tishrei. בתשרי מתו אבות And they both passed away in Tishrei. בפסח נולד יצחק Yitzchak Avinu was born on Pesach בראש השנה נפקדה שרה רחל וחנה Sara Imaynu, Rachel Imaynu and Chana, the mother of Shmuel HaNavi, were remembered on Rosh Hashanah, when it was decreed that they shall have children. ניסן תשרי created: When the world was רבי אליעזר אומר בתשרי: נברא העולם בתשרי: נולדו אבות בתשרי: מתו אבות תניא: רבי יהושע אומר בניסן: נברא העולם בניסן: נולדו אבות בניסן: מתו אבות בפסח: נולד יצחק בר"ה: נפקדה שרה רחל וחנה בר"ה: יצא יוסף מבית האסורין בר"ה: בטלה עבודה מאבותינו במצרים בניסן: נגאלו בתשרי: עתידין ליגאל בניסן: עתידין ליגאל בראש השנה יצא יוסף מבית האסורין Yotzef HaTzaddik was released from prison on Rosh Hashanah. בר"ה בטלה עבודה מאבותינו במצרים On Rosh HaShana the slavery in Egypt was abolished. בניסן נגאלו בתשרי עתידין ליגאל Bnai Yisrael were redeemed from Egypt in Nissan, and the future Geula is destined to be in Tishrei. רבי יהושע אומר בניסן נברא העולם The world was created in the month of Nissan בניסן נולדו אבות The Avos, Avraham Avinu and Yaakov Avinu, were both born in Nissan. בניסן מתו אבות And they both passed away in Nissan. Rebbe Yehoshua agrees with Rebbe Eliezer that בפסח נולד יצחק בר"ה נפקדה שרה רחל וחנה בר"ה יצא יוסף מבית האסורין בר"ה בטלה עבודה מאבותינו במצרים בניסן נגאלו And, However, he holds בניסן עתידין ליגאל The destined time for the final Geula for Klal Yisrael is in Nissan, not in Tishrei. Rosh Hashana 11-2

3 2 The Gemara now explores the sources for each of the opinions: תניא ר"א אומר מנין שבתשרי נברא העולם שנאמר ויאמר אלהים תדשא הארץ דשא עשב מזריע זרע עץ פרי Rashi explains: The words הארץ,תדשא and פרי,עץ imply a command that the ground should sprout forth grass, vegetation, and fruit on the trees that are fully grown. איזהו חדש שהארץ מוציאה דשאים ואילן מלא פירות הוי אומר זה תשרי The month when this occurs is Tishrei, after the summer, and when the first rains usually come. רבי יהושע אומר מנין שבניסן נברא העולם שנאמר ותוצא הארץ דשא עשב מזריע זרע ועץ עושה פרי The land sprouted grass and vegetation, and the trees brought forth their fruit. איזהו חדש שהארץ מליאה דשאים ואילן מוציא פירות הוי אומר זה ניסן This occurs in the month of Nissan, in the spring. 2 The SOURCES for each opinion: רבי אליעזר אומר מנין שבתשרי נברא העולם? שנאמר ויאמר אלהימ תדשא הארצ דשא עשב מזריע זרע עצ פרי איזהו חדש שהארץ מוציאה דשאים ואילן מלא פירות הוי אומר זה תשרי תניא: רבי יהושע אומר מנין שבניסן נברא העולם? שנאמר ותוצא הארצ דשא עשב מזריע זרע ועצ עושה פרי איזהו חדש שהארץ מליאה דשאים ואילן מוציא פירות הוי אומר זה ניסן 3 The Gemara explains that according to Rebbe Eliezer, who holds that the world was created with trees already full of - ברכה לדורות must be interpreted as a עץ עושה פרי fruit, ripened The trees should continue to produce fruit in the future. And according to Rebbe Yehoshua, who holds that the trees just now brought forth fruit, עץ פרי must be saying that trees were created fully mature, and ready to produce fruit. As ר' יהושע בן לוי taught; כל מעשה בראשית בקומתן נבראו Everything was created in its complete and perfect form, לדעתן נבראו Each item was consulted and consented to being created. לצביונן נבראו Each item approved their unique characteristics, as the Pasuk states; ויכלו השמים והארץ וכל צבאם אל תקרי צבאם אלא צביונם 3 עצ פרי must be saying trees were created fully mature and ready to produce fruit עצ עושה פרי must be ברכה לדורות a trees should produce fruit in the future As ר' יהושע בן לוי taught; כל מעשה בראשית בקומתן נבראו לדעתן נבראו לצביונן נבראו Rosh Hashana 11-3

4 4 Regarding the מחלוקת as to when the אבות were born; based on the Pasuk in,בתשרי נולדו אבות maintains רבי אליעזר Melachim; 4 Regarding as to WHEN THE אבות WERE BORN ויקהלו אל המלך שלמה כל איש ישראל בירח האיתנים בחג בחודש השביעי Referring to the Yom Tov of Sukkos in the month of Tishrei - Tishrei is called האיתנים,ירח because it is ירח שנולדו בו איתני עולם The month in which the great ones - the foundations of the world - the Avos, were born. based on a,בניסן נולדו אבות on the other hand, holds,רבי יהושע different Pasuk in Melachim ויהי בשמונים שנה וארבע מאות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים בשנה הרביעית בחדש זיו Referring to the month of Iyar, immediately following Nissan Nissan is called חודש זיו - because נולדו בו זיותני עולם The beautiful ones - referring to the Avos HaKedoshim, Avraham Avinu and Yaakov Avinu - were both born in Nissan רבי אליעזר בתשרי נולדו אבות ויקהלו אל המלכ שלמה כל איש ישראל בירח האיתנימ בחג בחודש השביעי רבי יהושע בניסן נולדו אבות ויהי בשמונימ שנה וארבע מאות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מארצ מצרימ בשנה הרביעית בחדש זיו Nissan is called חודש זיו because נולדו בו זיותני עולם - ירח האיתנים - Tishrei is תקיפי במצוות Tishrei is called,ירח האיתנים because it s ירח שנולדו בו איתני עולם - חודש זיו - In Chodesh Nissan אית ביה זיוא לאילני Rebbe Yehoshua interprets the words ירח האיתנים that Tishrei is - strong with Mitzvos - the entire month is full of תקיפי במצוות Yomim Tovim, each with its own Mitzvos. Whereas Rebbe Eliezer interprets the words זיו,חודש that in Chodesh Nissan אית ביה זיוא לאילני - the blossoming trees possess a special beauty, as we have learned that there is a special Bracha recited in Nissan for the blossoming trees. דאמר רב יהודה 5 האי מאן דנפק ביומי ניסן וחזי אילני דמלבלבי אומר ברוך שלא חיסר מעולמו כלום וברא בו בריות טובות ואילנות טובות להתנאות בהן בני אדם 5 דאמר רב יהודה האי מאן דנפק ביומי ניסן וחזי אילני דמלבלבי אומר ברוך שלא חיסר מעולמו כלום וברא בו בריות טובות ואילנות טובות להתנאות בהן בני אדם Rosh Hashana 11-4

5 6 ;מתו אבות As to their Machlokes of when Both opinions hold that the אבות passed away in the same month they were born. As we learned regarding great Tzadikkim; שהקב"ה יושב וממלא שנותיהם של צדיקים מיום ליום מחדש לחדש שנאמר את מספר ימיך אמלא HaShem grants full years to great Tzadikkim. 6 As to when מתו אבות Both opinions hold The אבות passed away in the same month they were born שהקב"ה יושב וממלא שנותיהם של צדיקים מיום ליום מחדש לחדש שנאמר את מ פר ימיכ אמלא 7 We find this by Moshe Rabeinu as well; ויאמר אליהם בן מאה ועשרים שנה אנכי היום היום מלאו ימי ושנותי ז אדר and passed away,ז אדר As he was born 7 We find this by משה רבינו as well; ויאמר אליהמ בנ מאה ועשרימ שנה אנכי היומ היום מלאו ימי ושנותי,ז אדר As he was born ז אדר and passed away Rosh Hashana 11-5

6 8 Both also agree בפסח נולד יצחק - Yitzchak Avinu was born on 8 Pesach - As the מלאך informed Avraham Avinu; למועד אשוב אליך כעת חיה ולשרה בן Our Gemara understands למועד as - I will return on the next Yom Tov, and Sara Imaynu will have given birth to a child. Since the interval between Pesach and Shevuos, or between Shevuos and Sukkos is too short to conceive and give birth, it must be, דקאי בחג וקאמר לה בניסן The Malach came on Sukkos and proclaimed that by Pesach time she would have a child. While there are only 6 months between Sukkos and Pesach אותה שנה מעוברת היתה That year was a leap year, and there were seven months between Sukkos and Pesach. However, Tosfos here and Rashi in Chumash, cite Medroshim למועד אשוב אליך כעת חיה that the visit took place on Pesach, and means that I will return next year at this time next Pesach. בר"ה נפקדה שרה רחל וחנה 9 9 The Braisa had taught further that Sara Imaynu, Rachel Imaynu and Chana the mother of Shmuel HaNavi, were all remembered on Rosh HaShanah As Rashi explains: בא זכרונם לטובה ונגזר עליהם הריון They were remembered favorably, and it was decreed that they would bear children. It cannot mean that they conceived on Rosh HaShanah, as we just learned that Sara Imaynu conceived on Sukkos. זכירה of the words גזירה שוה In any case, this is learned from a Rachel; as the pasuk states by,זכירה ויזכור אלהים את רחל And by Chana; says; - which is referring to Rosh HaShana, where it 'ויזכרה ה שבתון זכרון תרועה,פקידה פקידה extends to Sara Imaynu, by the words גזירה שוה The as the pasuk states by Chana;,כי פקד ה' את חנה and by Sara Imaynu; וה' פקד את שרה Both also agree בפסח נולד יצחק As the מלאך informed Avraham: למועד אשוב אליכ כעת חיה ולשרה בנ I will return on the next Yom Tov and Sara will have given birth to a child Since the interval between Pesach and Shevuos, or between Shevuos and Sukkos is too short to conceive and give birth, it must be דקאי בחג וקאמר לה בניסן אותה שנה מעוברת היתה בר"ה נפקדה שרה רחל וחנה ברייתא: חנה and שרה, רחל were all remembered on Rosh HaShanah As Rashi explains: בא זכרונם לטובה ונגזר עליהם הריון...גזירה שוה This is learned from a שבתונ זכרונ תרועה רחל ויזכור אלהימ את רחל חנה ויזכרה ה' כי פקד ה' את חנה שרה וה' פקד את שרה Rosh Hashana 11-6

7 10 בר"ה יצא יוסף מבית האסורין Yosef HaTzaddik was released from prison on Rosh HaShana. This is learned from the Pesukim: תקעו בחדש שופר בכסה ליום חגנו כי חק לישראל הוא Referring to Rosh HaShanah, when we blow the Shofar And the following Pasuk there says; עדות ביהוסף שמו בצאתו על ארץ מצרים 10 Rosh HaShanah בר"ה יצא יוסף מבית האסורין This is learned from the Pesukim: תקעו בחדש שופר בכ ה ליומ חגנו כי חק לישראל הוא עדות ביהו פ שמו בצאתו על ארצ מצרימ בר"ה בטלה עבודה מאבותינו במצרים Slavery ended for Bnai Yisrael in Mitzraim on Rosh HaShana, as the pasuk says; והוצאתי אתכם מתחת סבלות מצרים And the pasuk in Tehillim referring to Yosef HaTzaddik being released from prison says; בר"ה בטלה עבודה מאבותינו במצרים הסירותי מסבל שכמו As the pasuk says; Rosh HaShanah יציאת מצרים: והוצאתי אתכמ מתחת בלות מצרימ יוסף: ה ירותי מ בל שכמו Just as Yosef HaTzadik was released from prison on Rosh HaShanah, so too were Bnai Yisrael redeemed from slavery in Mitzraim on Rosh HaShanah. בניסן נגאלו 12 All agree that Bnai Yisrael were redeemed from Egypt in the month of Nissan as described multiple times in the Torah. 12 בניסן נגאלו All agree that Bnai Yisrael were redeemed from Egypt in the month of Nissan as described multiple times in the Torah. Rosh Hashana 11-7

8 13 Rebbe Eliezer holds בתשרי עתידין ליגאל - the final Geula will take,שופר שופר of the words גזירה שוה place in Tishrei, as he learns a 13 as the pasuk states; - referring to Rosh HaShana - and תקעו בחודש שופר בכסה לוים חגינו ביום ההוא יתקע states; the pasuk referring to the future Geula בשופר גדול Rebbe Yehoshua holds בניסן עתידין ליגאל - the final Geula will take place in Nissan, as the pasuk says by the Geula of Mitzrayim שמורים,ליל which Rebbe Yehosua interprets as; ליל המשומר ובא מששת ימי בראשית The night of the 15th of Nissan has been designated from the time of creation as a time of Geula for Klal Yisrael for all time. While Rebbe Eliezer learns out from this pasuk לילה המשומר ובא מן המזיקין This night provides special protection for Klal Yisrael for all generations. רבי אליעזר בתשרי עתידין ליגאל גזירה שוה: רבי יהושע בניסן עתידין ליגאל ROSH HASHANA: תקעו בחודש שופר בכ ה לוימ חגינו FUTURE GEULA: ביומ ההוא יתקע בשופר גדול ליל שמורימ לילה המשומר ובא מן המזיקין ליל שמורימ ליל המשומר ובא מששת ימי בראשית 14 The Gemara continues and goes on to show how their 14 Machlokes regarding when the world was created is consistent with their respective opinions regarding the dates of the Mabul: דתניא בשנת שש מאות שנה לחיי נח בחדש השני בשבעה עשר יום לחדש נבקעו מעינות השמים וארובות השמים נפתחו What is חודש השני referring to? רבי יהושע אומר אותו היום י"ז באייר היה Rebbe Yehoshua, who holds that the world was created in Nissan, holds that the second month is referring to the month of Iyar. רבי אליעזר אומר אותו היום י"ז במרחשון היה Rebbe Eliezer, who holds that the world was created in Tishrei, holds that the second month is referring to the month of MarCheshvan. Their מחלוקת is consistent with their respective opinions regarding מבול the dates of the דתניא בשנת שש מאות שנה לחיי נח בחדש השני בשבעה עשר יומ לחדש נבקעו מעינות השמימ וארובות השמימ נפתחו רבי יהושע אותו היום י"ז באייר היה רבי אליעזר אותו היום י"ז במרחשון היה Rosh Hashana 11-8

9 15 To fully appreciate the next part of the gemora - the concept of 15 the Mazolos, or the zodiak as it is known, is essential. From our point of view, here on earth, we observe the sun rotating around the earth every day. Rising in the morning, setting in the evening and then once again rising the next morning and setting in the evening, and so on. Sunrise מזלות The Zodiac From our point of view, here on earth, we observe the sun rotating around earth every day Rising in the morning, setting in the evening מערב Sunset מזרח 16 What is not so apparent is that just like the sun, all the heavenly 16 bodies - or for our purposes we ll say, all the stars - also make one complete rotation around our earth each day. The sun along with all the stars rotate around earth to create a day. However there is one minute distinction; the stars rotation is faster by about 1º per day. Which means that after 30 days the sun will have fallen behind the stars by about 30º. מערב מזרח The sun along with all the stars rotate around earth to create a day. Rosh Hashana 11-9

10 17 What this also means is that if at the begining of a month the sun 17 rises along with a certain star, on the next morning it will rise together with a star that is alittle bit further back, so that by the end of a month the sun will have sliped backwards by 30º or by 1/12 of the sky. If at the begining of a month the sun rises along with a certain star If we then divided the complete 360º of sky around our world into 12 sections or constellations, we would have the markings for each of the 12 months. מערב מזרח 30º by the end of a month the sun will have sliped backwards by 30º 18 In other words when the sun rises with the begining of a new 18 group of stars that indicates that a new solar month and a new Mazel begins. When the sun rises with the begining of a new group of stars that indicates that a new solar month and a new Mazel begins. 19 Being that the stars are not equally spaced or positioned within 19 each 30º section, they appear to be depicting a different image within each section. If we take a look at the stars corresponding to the first month of Nissan, they in some way can be seen as depicting an image of a טלה - a sheep - or Aries. On the opposite end of the sky or 6 sections further setting below the horizon we find a depiction of a מאזנים - a scale - representing יום הדין the מזל month of Tisrei. Another famous mazel is that of fish - as in Pisces. - אדר דגים All of these 12 constallations rotate around the earth about once every 24 hour. מערב שבט דלי מזרח אדר דגימ ני נ טלה אייר שור תשרי מאזנימ חשונ עקרב כ ליו קשת טבת גדי אלול בתולה יונ תאומימ תמוז רטנ All of these 12 constallations rotate around the earth about once every 24 hour אב אריה Rosh Hashana 11-10

11 20 ושתי שעות שוהה המזל בעלייתו Begining with the rising sun, during the course of the entire day, 20 six constellations serve or are עולה for two hours each, which is in essence from the moment the first star within that constellation rises above the horizon until 30º later or 2 hours later when that constellation ends and the next one begins to rise. When a mazel is עולה it is said to have a השפעה - an effect on our,שוקע world. The other six constellations are considered to be since they rise ahead of the sun, while it is night, they are השפעה considered to be in descent all day and therefore have no on this world. ושתי שעות שוהה המזל בעלייתו Each constellation takes 2 hours to rise above the horizon These 6 already rose ahead of the Sun and are called שוקע These 6 will rise after the Sun and are called עולה מערב שבט דלי מזרח תשרי מאזנימ חשונ עקרב כ ליו קשת אלול בתולה טבת גדי אדר דגימ יונ תאומימ ני נ טלה אייר שור אב אריה תמוז רטנ 21 בחדש השני בשבעה עשר According to Rebbe Yehoshua, the possik 21 יום לחדש.אייר began during the month of מבול teaches that the During the month of אייר the mazel of שור rises along with the sun in the morning - which also means that the mazel right before that - the mazel of Nissan has already risen during the last 2 hours of the night. What this means is that throughout those days the mazel of טלה will not be serving or עולה - but rather,שוקע be in the descent all day long. The significance of this, as Rashi explains, is that the last few stars within the mazel - control the rain. However כימה group - which are called טלה since during the month of אייר they rise before the sun they would have no impact on the world. Therefore - Hashem - so to speak - removed the stars of כימה from its normal position within mazel טלה and placed them into the next group of mazel along with the sun. He then אייר which rise in the month of שור removed two of those stars which normally hold back the rain, causing the floodgates of rain to pour forth - and as Rashi says:.והמבול ביום ירד ודרך נקב שתי כוכבים שנטלו מכימה The last few stars טלה within the mazel כימה which are called control the rain Hashem removed כימה the stars of and placed them into the next group שור of mazel which rise in the אייר month of along with the sun מזרח שבט דלי תמוז רטנ אדר דגימ יונ תאומימ ני נ טלה אייר שור.והמבול ביום ירד ודרך נקב שתי כוכבים שנטלו מכימה Rosh Hashana 11-11

12 22 Therefore, says Rebbe Yehoshua 22 מתוך ששינו מעשיהן - שינה הקב"ה עליהם מעשה בראשית since the people in the generation of the flood acted in immoral ways, in essence going against the natural laws of behavior, HaShem responded by changing nature in the way the constella-.מבול tions are arranged in the Heavens thus causing the However according to Rebbe Eliezer, החודש השני is referring to the month of MarCheshvan. Which means that כימה was already in a position to be עולה and serve later on during the day as it ascends within the constellation of,טלה if so in what way was.מעשה בראשית in שינוי there a אמר רב חסדא ברותחין קלקלו וברותחין נידונו the change that HaShem enacted, was the fact that the waters came down in boiling hot temperatures. רבי יהושע אותו היום י"ז באייר היה מתוך ששינו מעשיהן שינה הקב"ה עליהם מעשה בראשית רבי אליעזר אותו היום י"ז במרחשון היה was already כימה in a position עולה to be In what way was there a שינוי in מעשה בראשית אמר רב חסדא ברותחין קלקלו וברותחין נידונו 23 The Gemara concludes; 23 חכמי ישראל מונין למבול כרבי אליעזר ולתקופה כרבי יהושע Regarding calculating the תקופות the cycles of the sun and the moon, we start from Nissan, because we hold like to Rebbe Yehoshua that the world was actually created in Nissan, yet regarding the counting of the years, we count from Tishrei like Rebbe Eliezer. As Tosfos explains, because תשרי ראש השנה לשנים ולשמיטין וליובלות The Gemara concludes חכמי ישראל מונין למבול ולתקופה כרבי אליעזר כרבי יהושע תשרי ראש השנה לשנים ולשמיטין וליובלות Rosh Hashana 11-12

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